A6-R5-Computer Organization and Operating System

A6-R5-Computer Organization and Operating System

Introduction

Operating System is an intermediate software layer between user and computer hardware. The program which is executed on computer requires difference resources like memory, hardware, CPU etc. On the other hand, computer consists of various blocks memory, ALU, control unit, input/output devices and other peripherals. This module provides information on both the topics, Computer Organization and Operating System. The functions of Operating System help user to interact with all components of computers.

Objective

The objectives of this module are:

i. To have a thorough understanding of the basic structure and operation of a digital computer.

ii. To discuss in detail the operation of the arithmetic unit including the algorithms & implementation of fixed-point and floating-point addition, subtraction, multiplication & division.

iii. To study the communication with I/O devices and standard I/O interfaces.

iv. To study the hierarchal memory system including cache memories and virtual memory.

v. To gain knowledge of functions of operating system like memory management, scheduling, file system and interface, distributed systems, security and deadlocks.

vi. To understand how an Operating System handles multiple processes.

1. Basic Structure of Computers

1. Get familiar with various components of a computer and their function.
2. Get familiar with Von Neumann Architecture

2. Computer

1. Well acquainted with logic Arithmetic gates and Boolean algebra. Operations
2. Get familiar with representation of fixed and floating-point numbers in system iii. Get familiar with binary arithmetic.

3. Central

1. General registers Processing Unit and
2. Types of instructions Instructions
3. Addressing modes
4. PCB.

4. Memory Organization

1. Primary memory, Secondary memory, Cache memory, Virtual memory
2. RAID

5. I/O _Organization

1. peripheral devices,
2. Data transfer modes
3. Interrupt handling iv. DMA

6. Operating Systems Overview

1. Gather knowledge of various types of operating systems
2. Get an overview of various functions performed by OS
3. Get an overview about kernel and shell
4. Get an overview of system calls

7. Linux Basics

1. Use Linux operating system
2. Get familiar with basic Linux shell commands like who, whoami, echo, date
3. Get familiar with navigating manual pages and getting help for a command.
4. List contents of a directory
5. Create and remove files and directories.
6. Check Inode no of a file
7. Copy or move files or directories
8. Work with large text files using commands like more, less, head, tail, cut
9. Search text within a file using grep command

8. Process Management and Shell Script

1. Get familiar with process and its states
2. Know about Inode structure
3. Know the various scheduling techniques
4. Start a task in background and move it to foreground
5. Write shell scripts.

9. Users, Groups

1. View security permissions of and Permissions a file
2. Create a new user or group
3. Modify existing user
4. Modify the ownership of a file.
5.  Modify the permission of a file
6. Monitor the logins 

10. Standard I/O and Pipes

1. to redirect output to a file
2. to redirect input from a file
3. take the output of one command and send it into another command as input

11. Finding and processing files

i. locate files based on various criteria such as filename, size, date, type and permission

Marks Distribution

1. Basic Structure of Computers 5

2. Computer Arithmetic Operations 10

3. Central Processing Unit and Instructions 8

4. Memory Organization 8

5. I/O Organization 9

6. Operating Systems Overview 8

7. Linux Basics 16

8. Process Management and Shell Script 13

9. Users, Groups and Permissions 10

10. Standard I/O and Pipes 8

11. Finding and processing files 5

Total 100

Detailed Syllabus

Part 1 – Computer Organization

(i) Basic Structure of Computers

Structure of a Computer System, Arithmetic Logic Unit, Control Unit, Bus Structure, Von Neumann Architecture.

(ii) Computer Arithmetic Operations

Introduction to logic gates, Boolean algebra, Data Representation-Number system, Fixed and Floating point numbers, Floating point representation, Signed numbers, Binary Arithmetic, 1’s and 2’s Complements Arithmetic, Binary adder, 2’s Complement method for multiplication, Map Simplification.

(iii) Central Processing Unit and Instructions:

General Register Organization, Types of Instructions, Instruction Formats, Addressing Modes, Data Transfer and Manipulation, Program Control, Instruction cycle.

 (iv) Memory Organization:

Characteristics of Memory Systems, Type of memories, Main memory, Static & Dynamic memories, Secondary Memory, Performance Considerations, Cache Memory with mapping, Virtual Memory, Address memory used pages, page replacement, Introduction to RAID.

 (v) I/O Organization

Peripheral Devices, Input-Output Interface, Asynchronous Data Transfer Modes, Interrupt handling, Types of Interrupts, Priority Interrupt, Direct Memory Access, Input-Output Processor (IOP), Synchronous and Asynchronous Data Transfer.

Part 2 – Operating System

(vi) Operating Systems Overview:

Overview of Computer Operating Systems, Types of OS, Functions of OS, Protection and Security, Distributed Operating Systems, System Calls, Scheduling algorithms, memory management, threads.

 (vii) Linux Basics

Open source, Overview of Linux, Basic Linux commands, structure of kernel and shell, Getting help, Linux File System, Some Important Directories, Inodes, Current Working Directory, File and Directory Names, Absolute and Relative Pathnames, Creating and Removing Directories, Changing Directories, Listing Directory Contents, Creating and Removing Files, Copying Files and Directories, Moving and Renaming Files and Directories, fundamental file types, Hard Links, Symbolic ( or soft) Links, Viewing and working with large Text files – cat, more, less, head, tail, cut commands, search text within a file, grep.

 (viii) Process Management and Shell Script

Processes: Definition, Process Relationship, Process states, Process State transitions, Process Control Block, Context switching – Threads – Concept of multithreads, Listing Processes, Finding Processes, Foreground and background processes, Interactive Process management tools, Sending signals to processes. Shell Script, shell variables, control structure using variables in shell script.

 (ix) Users, Groups and Permissions

Users, Groups, Linux File Security, Examining Permissions, accessing root user, creating user and groups, Changing File Ownership, Changing Permissions – Symbolic Method, Numeric Method, /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/group files, Monitoring Logins, Default Permissions, Special Permissions umask, passwd.

(x) Standard I/O and Pipes

Standard Input and Output, Redirecting Output to a File, Redirecting STDOUT to a Program(Piping), Combining Output and Errors, Redirecting to Multiple Targets (tee), Redirecting STDIN from a file.

 (xi) Finding and Processing Files

Locate, find, Basic find Examples, find and Logical Operators, find and Permissions, find and Access Times.

 Reference Books/Study Material

1. Operating System Concepts by Peter B. Galvin, Greg Gagne and Abraham Silberschatz

2. Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano

3. Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles by William Stallings, Peasons

4. Operating Systems: A Concept-Based Approach, by D. M. Dhamdhere, McGraw Hills

5. Computer Organization by John L. Hennessy, McGraw Hills

6. Computer Organization and Architecture by V. Rajaraman, T Radhakrishnan, PHI